MUSINGS

In order for computers to communicate with one another, standard methods of information transfer and processing have been devised. These are referred to as "protocols" and some of the more common ones such as TCP, IP, UDP, POP, SMTP, HTTP, and FTP are discussed here. What are protocols? When two humans converse, they may have to use the same language but they generally understand each other without having to adhere to rigid rules of grammar or formal language frameworks. Computers, on the other hand, have to have everything explicitly defined and structured. If computers wish to communicate with one another, they have to know in advance exactly how information is to be exchanged and precisely what the format will be. Therefore, standard methods of transmitting and processing various kinds of information are used and these methods are called "protocols". Protocols are established by international agreement and ensure that computers everywhere can talk to o...

1.              The Business System and Business Environment Introduction Businesses all over the world, irrespective of their size and the kind of products and service they deal in, can be distinctly divided into two types: those that are successful and those that are not. Those that are successful run professionally. What does that indicate? That means that the business is being run through a series of processes as a part of a system. Successful businesses have been able to use the concept of systems to achieve their objectives and develop themselves. This chapter deals with the definition of system and its environment, meaning of the term sub-system, and types of business environments. I. Definition of a System II. System Environment III. Types of Systems IV. Methods of building Systems from Sub-Systems (i.e. Building blocks) For  the uninitiated the term ‘Business’ is derived from...