Upward Communication

Large organizations have different hierarchical levels or tiers. Banks, finance companies, insurance businesses, railways and such other people-oriented organizations have typically a 3-tier or a 4-tier structure. The process of communication to be complete and effective, should encompass all these levels and tiers. Upward communication is one which moves upward, i.e., from bottom to top levels in the hierarchy.
Any communication that moves from employees to supervisors, supervisors to managers, managers to executives, regional manager to general manager and so on, may be categorized as upward communication. Similarly, communication from branches to regional offices, regional offices to zonal offices, zonal offices to head office is referred to as upward communication. Employee suggestions, market reports, performance reports, feedback on new products and requests for facilities or instructions are all examples of upward communication in the organizational context.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Work certified and uncertified

Meaning of Work Certified  When contractor takes the contract to complete any construction work, it may complete in 4 or 5 years. but contractor has to pay different expenses for material, labor and others. So, it is very necessary to pay him some money of contract. This money is given on the basis of work done. So, any part of construction which is completed by contractor will be work certified if it is certified by an authority. Authority may be independent engineer or architect who can estimated the work. He will issue the certificate of work done after certifying the work of construction. On this work certified, contractor has right to get money of contract. Meaning of Work Uncertified Work uncertified means work done but not certified by authority. So, contractee will cut some money on the basis of work uncertified and will keep in his pocket. This will be retention money. Accounting Treatment of Work Certified and Work Uncertified  (I) Work  certified and work unce
Read more

Sale of Goods Act- Conditions and Warranties

Image
The Sale of Goods Act, identifies the terms, ‘Conditions’ and ‘Warranties’ as being of a prime significance in a contract of sale. Both the terms imply a promise that is made by the seller. However, the difference between Conditions and Warranties arises due to the nature of the promise that is made in each case. In the case of ‘Condition’ the impact is on the very essence of the contract; whereas, in the case of ‘Warranty’, the promise is in the nature of a collateral to the main purpose of the contract. It is thus evident that if there is a breach of either, a condition or a warranty, the effects will be different. Illustration 1:   Sita bought a wet grinder from an electric shop. The purpose for which the grinder was to be used was known to the seller. The grinder was unfit for the purpose. In this case there is a breach of an express condition by the electric shop and Sita is entitled to return the grinder and be refunded the money paid. Illustration 2:   Varuna bought a
Read more

E Commerce Security environment

THE ECOMMERCE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT What is eCommerce Security? eCommerce security refers to the principles which guide safe electronic transactions, allowing the buying and selling of goods and services through the Internet, but with protocols in place to provide safety for those involved. Successful business online depends on the customers’ trust that a company has eCommerce security basics in place. Privacy One of the most obvious eCommerce security basics is privacy, which in this situation means not sharing information with unauthorized parties. When you shop online, your personal details or account information should not be accessible to anyone except the seller you have chosen to share it with. Any disclosure of that information by the merchant would be a breach of confidentiality. The business is responsible to provide at least the minimum in encryption, virus protection, and a firewall so that bank details and credit card information remain private. Integrity A s
Read more